Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in New Orleans Lead to Increased Rates of Violent Injury.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of named weather storms on the rates of penetrating trauma is poorly understood with only case reports of single events currently guiding public health policy. This study examines whether tropical storms and hurricanes contribute to trauma services and volume. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional review of tropical storms/hurricanes affecting New Orleans, Louisiana, during hurricane seasons (June 1-November 30) from 2010-2021, and their association with the rate of penetrating trauma. Authors sought to determine how penetrating trauma rates changed during hurricane seasons and associate them with demographic variables. RESULTS: There were 5531 penetrating injuries, with 412 (7.4%) occurring during landfall and 554 (10.0%) in the aftermath. Black/African Americans were the most affected. There was an increase in the rate of penetrating events during landfall (3.4 events/day) and aftermath (3.5 events/day) compared to the baseline (2.8 events/day) (P = < 0.001). Using multivariate analysis, wind speed was positively related to firearm injury, whereas the rainfall total was inversely related to firearm violence rates during landfall and aftermath periods. Self-harm was positively related to distance from the trauma center. CONCLUSIONS: Cities at risk for named weather storms may face increasing gun violence in the landfall and aftermath periods. Black/African Americans are most affected, worsening existing disparities. Self-harm may also increase following these weather events.

Psychosocial resources underlying disaster survivors' posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories: insight from in-depth interviews with mothers who survived Hurricane Katrina.

Background: Weather-related disasters, including hurricanes, are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. Vulnerable populations, such as people with low income and racial and ethnic minorities, are particularly prone to increased levels of physical harm and psychiatric adversity from weather-related events.Objectives: We aimed to explore psychosocial resources and coping of survivors with three different posttraumatic stress symptom (PTSS) trajectories (High-Decreasing, Moderate-Decreasing, and High-Stable), after Hurricane Katrina across two different time points: F1 (1-year post-disaster) and F3 (12 years post-disaster).Method: Participants in this multi-method study were part of a larger cohort of the Resilience in Survivors of Katrina (RISK) project. Transcripts of interviews completed at the two time points were analysed using two qualitative methods, combining thematic analysis and narrative analysis, and providing both breadth of perspectives with the depth of specific case studies.Results: Sixteen survivors completed interviews at both F1 and F3. From our in-depth analysis of the data, we derived five inductive themes: 'Hope,' 'Adaptive vs maladaptive avoidance,' 'Emotional delay,' 'Acceptance, Finding Meaning and Being in the Moment,' and 'Coping strategies.' Survivors with High-Decreasing and Moderate-Decreasing PTSS trajectories experienced hope for future, accepted the hurricane and its results, and found efficient ways to cope with their situation. Survivors with High-Stable PTSS trajectories tended to express a lack of hope for future and struggled to be mindful and accept the hurricane and its harm. Unlike survivors with High-Decreasing and Moderate-Decreasing PTSS trajectories, survivors with High-Stable PTSS trajectories also reported less social and family support and faced more discrimination and racism.Conclusion: There are factors beyond individual-level psychosocial resources that may shape post-disaster resilience. When supporting survivors after a weather-related disaster, it is essential to provide ongoing psychological, financial, and physical assistance to bolster these resources.

After Hurricane Katrina, survivors with different posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories reported different levels of hope, mindfulness, and willingness to talk about the hurricane, emotional processing, and coping strategies.These experiences varied over time for survivors in all three trajectories.Survivors who report ongoing high levels of symptoms should be offered additional support to bolster these psychosocial resources.

Sexual Networks and STI Infection Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Women in a Southern U.S. City.

PURPOSE: The configuration of one's sexual network has been shown to influence sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition in some populations. Young Black men who have sex with women (MSW) have high rates of STIs, yet little is known about their sexual networks. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of sexual networks and their association with selected STI infections among young Black MSW. METHODS: Black MSW aged 15-26 years who were enrolled in the New Orleans community-based screening program named Check It from March 2018 to March 2020 were tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infection and asked about the nature of their sexual partnerships. Sexual partnerships with women were defined as dyadic, somewhat dense (either themselves or their partner had multiple partners), and dense (both they and their partner(s) had multiple partners). RESULTS: Men (n = 1,350) reported 2,291 sex partners. The percentage of men who reported their networks were dyadic, somewhat dense, and dense was 48.7%, 27.7%, and 23.3%, respectively; 11.2% were STI-positive and 39.2% thought their partner(s) had other partners. Compared to men in dyadic relationships, those in somewhat dense network did not have increased risk of STI infection, but those in dense networks were more likely to have an STI (adjusted odds ratio = 2.06, 95% confidence interval [1.35-3.13]). DISCUSSION: Young Black MSW, who had multiple partners and who thought their partner(s) had other sex partners were at highest risk for STIs. Providers should probe not only about the youth's personal risk but should probe about perceived sexual partners' risk for more targeted counseling/STI testing.

Neighborhood Proactive Policing and Racial Inequities in Preterm Birth in New Orleans, 2018‒2019.

Objectives. To measure neighborhood exposure to proactive policing as a manifestation of structural racism and its association with preterm birth. Methods. We linked all birth records in New Orleans, Louisiana (n = 9102), with annual census tract rates of proactive police stops using data from the New Orleans Police Department (2018-2019). We fit multilevel Poisson models predicting preterm birth across quintiles of stop rates, controlling for several individual- and tract-level covariates. Results. Nearly 20% of Black versus 8% of White birthing people lived in neighborhoods with the highest rates of proactive police stops. Fully adjusted models among Black birthing people suggest the prevalence of preterm birth in the neighborhoods with the highest proactive policing rates was 1.41 times that of neighborhoods with the lowest rates (95% confidence interval = 1.04, 1.93), but associations among White birthing people were not statistically significant. Conclusions. Taken together with previous research, high rates of proactive policing likely contribute to Black‒White inequities in reproductive health. Public Health Implications. Proactive policing is widely implemented to deter violence, but alternative strategies without police should be considered to prevent potential adverse health consequences. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(S1):S21-S28. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307079).

Prevalence, Distribution and IgG Antibody Levels Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Among Health-System and Community-Based Employees and Patients.

BACKGROUND: Following the high morbidity and mortality due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in New Orleans, Louisiana, we sought to assess progress toward herd immunity. METHODS: Ochsner Health employees and patients who volunteered for Abbott SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody test between March 1 and May 1, 2020 were included. We estimated IgG prevalence and used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for variables associated with IgG test status. RESULTS: Of the 13,343 participants with IgG test results, 78.6% were women, 70.6% were non-Hispanic White, 21.1% non-Hispanic Black, 2.9% Hispanic Americans and 5.4% belonged to other races. Overall, 7.99% (95% CI: 7.53-8.45%) of the participants tested IgG positive. In age-, sex- and body mass index (BMI)-adjusted analyses, non-Hispanic Blacks were 2.7-times more likely to test positive than non-Hispanic Whites (OR=2.72; 95% CI: 2.33-3.19). Corresponding ORs (95% CIs) were 1.29 (0.84-1.99) for Hispanic Americans and 1.22 (0.85-1.75) for Other race/ethnicities. Compared to participants in administrative occupations, physician assistants (OR=7.14; 95% CI: 1.72-29.6) and therapists (OR=4.74; 95% CI: 1.49-15.03) were significantly more likely to have IgG antibodies while the association among nurses was not significant (OR=2.35; 95% CI: 0.96-5.77). Relative to 1.40, the test threshold for positivity, our measurements indicate a strong immune response (5.38±1.69), especially among those with a higher BMI. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-COV-2 IgG antibodies were prevalent only in 8% of the participants. IgG prevalence was highest among non-Hispanic Blacks and participants with higher BMI but was lower among older participants.

Check It: A Community-Based Chlamydia Seek, Test, and Treat Program for Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Women in New Orleans, Louisiana.

BACKGROUND: Check It is a novel, bundled, community-based seek, test, and treat Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) screening program for 15- to 24-year-old Black men in New Orleans who have sex with women. The program design addressed barriers and facilitators to Ct screening/treatment by enlisting trusted community partners, incorporating participant input, providing free index/partner expedited treatment, developing relatable marketing materials and an educational Web site, encouraging peer referral, and providing a modest monetary incentive. METHODS: Areas of high poverty were identified using census data; ethnographic/key informant interviews identified sites in those areas where the target population congregated. Black youth informed Web site design and social marketing. Content was inspirational/educational/amusing and endorsed recruitment and brand awareness. A community advisory board, participant interviews, community partner feedback, and recruitment staff involvement in the process evaluation helped refine the program in an ongoing manner. RESULTS: During formative stages, 41 key informant/community advisory board members informed program refinement. Community partners provided venue locations (n = 65) and participant referrals. Between May 22, 2017, and February 28, 2020, 1890 men were enrolled (acceptance rate, 96.0%) with Ct infection rate of 10.2%. Overall study treatment was provided to 86.1% (71.4%-90.9%) of participants who tested positive and 28.5% (14.5%-41.5%) of their partners. Findings from in-depth interviews with participants (n = 43) led to increased treatment uptake. CONCLUSIONS: C. trachomatis community screening of young Black men was successful through collaboration with trusted community partners, by tailoring implements/marketing with participant input, reducing barriers to treatment, and providing modest monetary incentives. The Check It program can serve as a roadmap for reducing health disparities in this population.

COVID 19 in-hospital mortality, body mass index and obesity related conditions.

OBJECTIVE: Obese patients with respiratory failure need more intensive care and invasive mechanical ventilation than their non-obese counterparts. We aimed to evaluate the impact of body mass index and obesity related conditions on fatal outcome during a hospitalization for COVID-19. METHODS: From March 1 to April 30, 2020, 425 consecutive patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were hospitalized at University Medical Center, in New Orleans. Clinical variables, comorbidities, and hospital course were extracted from electronic medical records. Special attention was given to obesity related conditions like hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Severe obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥35-<40 kg/m2 and morbid obesity as body mass index ≥40 kg/m2. Risk of mortality was determined by applying multivariate binary logistic regression modeling to risk factor variables (age, sex, race, and Charlson comorbid score). RESULTS: Patients were mostly African American (77.9%) and 51.0% were women. Age and Charlson comorbidity index scores averaged 60 (50-71 years) and 3.0 (1.25-5), respectively. In-hospital mortality was greater in morbidly obese than non-morbidly obese patients. Of the 64 severely obese patients, 16 had no obesity related conditions, and 48 had at least one obesity related condition: hypertension (60%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (28%), and dyslipidemia (20%). In-hospital mortality was greater in severely obese patients with than without at least one obesity related condition. CONCLUSION: During a hospitalization for COVID-19, severely obese patients with at least one obesity related condition and morbidly obese patients have a high mortality.

Louisiana Medicaid access for treatment and care for hepatitis C virus (LA-MATCH) project: A cross-sectional study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: This article presents the Louisiana Hepatitis C Elimination Program's evaluation protocol underway at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans. With the availability of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents, the elimination of Hepatitis C (HCV) has become a possibility. The HCV Elimination Program was initiated by the Louisiana Department of Health (LDH) Office of Public Health (OPH), LDH Bureau of Health Services Financing (Medicaid), and the Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections (DPSC) to provide HCV treatment through an innovative pricing arrangement with Asegua Therapeutics, whereby a fixed cost is set for a supply of treatment over five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study design will be used. Data will be gathered from two sources: 1) an online survey administered via REDCap to a sample of Medicaid members who are receiving HCV treatment, and 2) a de-identified data set that includes both Medicaid claims data and OPH surveillance data procured via a Data Use Agreement between LSUHSC-NO and Louisiana Medicaid. DISCUSSION: The evaluation will contribute to an understanding of the scope and reach of this innovative treatment model, and as a result, an understanding of areas for improvement. Further, this evaluation may provide insight for other states considering similar contracting mechanisms and programs.

Patterns of enrollment in a New Orleans women's substance use rehabilitation center.

BACKGROUND: Research has told us little about the demographics of individuals entering substance use programs in New Orleans, Louisiana, especially women accessing treatment programs. Considering that New Orleans is a predominantly Black city and both substance use treatment and research have historically left out Black patients, this study evaluates the age, race, insurance status, education level, and substance of choice for patients entering Grace House Rehabilitation Center, an all women nonprofit substance use treatment program in New Orleans, Louisiana. METHODS: Since 2013, Tulane School of Medicine students have held weekly primary care clinics at Grace House. This study used the clinic's patients' handwritten intake forms to collect demographic variables between 2013 and 2019. The study then evaluated the data using descriptive statistical analysis. RESULTS: The study analyzed 743 patient charts. We found that 78.4% of women admitted to Grace House were white (n = 627), and 14.5% of women were Black (n = 1160). The study excluded all other racial and ethnic groups due to the groups' small sample size. The average age at admittance was 34.7 years for both white and Black women; however, the average age for Black women was 42 years old. The 743 women studied reported the use of 1123 unique substances. While more than half of both populations used only one type of substance, Black women more commonly used only one substance. CONCLUSION: New Orleans is a predominantly Black community, yet young Black women are largely missing from the patient population that we studied. While multiple reasons exist for the lack of Black women in this population, Black substance-using women are clearly left out of the life-saving treatment that they deserve. The medical community must investigate further to make genuine, impactful changes to how substance use treatment is accessed by all minority groups, but especially Black women.

Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shocks During COVID-19 Outbreak.

Background COVID-19 was temporally associated with an increase in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We sought to determine if patients with implantable defibrillators residing in areas with high COVID-19 activity experienced an increase in defibrillator shocks during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods and Results Using the Medtronic (Mounds View, MN) Carelink database from 2019 and 2020, we retrospectively determined the incidence of implantable defibrillator shock episodes among patients residing in New York City, New Orleans, LA, and Boston, MA. A total of 14 665 patients with a Medtronic implantable defibrillator (age, 66±13 years; and 72% men) were included in the analysis. Comparing analysis time periods coinciding with the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 with the same periods in 2019, we observed a larger mean rate of defibrillator shock episodes per 1000 patients in New York City (17.8 versus 11.7, respectively), New Orleans (26.4 versus 13.5, respectively), and Boston (30.9 versus 20.6, respectively) during the COVID-19 surge. Age- and sex-adjusted hurdle model showed that the Poisson distribution rate of defibrillator shocks for patients with ≥1 shock was 3.11 times larger (95% CI, 1.08-8.99; P=0.036) in New York City, 3.74 times larger (95% CI, 0.88-15.89; P=0.074) in New Orleans, and 1.97 times larger (95% CI, 0.69-5.61; P=0.202) in Boston in 2020 versus 2019. However, the binomial odds of any given patient having a shock episode was not different in 2020 versus 2019. Conclusions Defibrillator shock episodes increased during the higher COVID-19 activity in New York City, New Orleans, and Boston. These observations may provide insights into COVID-19-related increase in cardiac arrests.

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Operative Volume and Residency Training at Two Academic Neurosurgery Centers in New Orleans.

BACKGROUND: Medical subspecialties including neurosurgery have seen a dramatic shift in operative volume in the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The goal of this study was to quantify the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on operative volume at 2 academic neurosurgery centers in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA from equivalent periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted analyzing neurosurgical case records for 2 tertiary academic centers from March to June 2020 and March to June 2019. The records were reviewed for variables including institution and physician coverage, operative volume by month and year, cases per subspecialty, patient demographics, mortality, and morbidity. RESULTS: Comparison of groups showed a 34% reduction in monthly neurosurgical volume per institution during the pandemic compared with earlier time points, including a 77% decrease during April 2020. There was no change in mortality and morbidity across institutions during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on neurosurgical practice and will likely continue to have long-term effects on patients at a time when global gross domestic products decrease and relative health expenditures increase. Clinicians must anticipate and actively prepare for these impacts in the future.

New-onset atrial arrhythmias associated with mortality in black and white patients hospitalized with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Specific details about cardiovascular complications, especially arrhythmias, related to the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) are not well described. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the incidence and predictive factors of cardiovascular complications and new-onset arrhythmias in Black and White hospitalized COVID-19 patients and determine the impact of new-onset arrhythmia on outcomes. METHODS: We collected and analyzed baseline demographic and clinical data from COVID-19 patients hospitalized at the Tulane Medical Center in New Orleans, Louisiana, between March 1 and May 1, 2020. RESULTS: Among 310 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the mean age was 61.4 ± 16.5 years, with 58,7% females, and 67% Black patients. Black patients were more likely to be younger, have diabetes and obesity. The incidence of cardiac complications was 20%, with 9% of patients having new-onset arrhythmia. There was no significant difference in cardiovascular outcomes between Black and White patients. A multivariate analysis determined age ≥60 years to be a predictor of new-onset arrhythmia (OR = 7.36, 95% CI [1.95;27.76], p = .003). D-dimer levels positively correlated with cardiac and new-onset arrhythmic event. New onset atrial arrhythmias predicted in-hospital mortality (OR = 2.99 95% CI [1.35;6.63], p = .007), a longer intensive care unit length of stay (mean of 6.14 days, 95% CI [2.51;9.77], p = .001) and mechanical ventilation duration(mean of 9.08 days, 95% CI [3.75;14.40], p = .001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that new onset atrial arrhythmias are commonly encountered in COVID-19 patients and can predict in-hospital mortality. Early elevation in D-dimer in COVID-19 patients is a significant predictor of new onset arrhythmias. Our finding suggest continuous rhythm monitoring should be adopted in this patient population during hospitalization to better risk stratify hospitalized patients and prompt earlier intervention.

Comparison of Short-leg and Long-leg Casts for the Treatment of Distal Third Tibial Shaft Fractures in Children.

BACKGROUND: Long-leg casts (LLCs) are an established treatment for pediatric tibial shaft fractures including fractures involving the distal third. There is a paucity of literature assessing the use of short-leg cast (SLC) for tibial shaft fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine if SLC were as effective as LLC for the treatment of pediatric distal third tibial shaft fractures. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on consecutive distal third tibial shaft fractures treated at a tertiary pediatric hospital from 2013 to 2018. Exclusion criteria included midshaft and proximal fractures of the tibia, distal fractures that violated the tibial physis or plafond, and pathologic fractures. We compared primary outcomes of time to weight-bearing, time to union, and final angulation between LLC and SLC groups. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients aged 5 to 17 years (mean age: 9.2±3.2 y) met inclusion criteria, including 50 LLC and 35 SLC patients. Time to weight-bearing for SLC (3.3±0.6 wk) was shorter compared with LLC (6.4±0.7 wk, P<0.0001). Overall, fractures treated with SLC had a shorter time to the union (7.4±0.9 wk) compared with LLC (9.0±0.9 wk, P=0.026) without statistical differences in final angulation at the time of union. There was a higher percentage of cast complications in the LLC treatment group (12%) compared with SLC (6%). CONCLUSIONS: SLC demonstrated earlier time to weight-bearing and shorter time to fracture union when compared with LLC. Surgeons should consider SLC and early weight-bearing for the treatment of distal third tibial shaft fractures in children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective comparative study.

A Tale of Two Cities: What's Driving the Firearm Mortality Difference in Two Large Urban Centers?

INTRODUCTION: Per police data, the case fatality rate (CFR) of firearm assault in New Orleans (NO) over the last several years ranged between 27% and 35%, compared with 18%-22% in Philadelphia. The reasons for this disparity are unknown, and potentially reflect important system differences with broader implications for the reduction of firearm mortality. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of police and city-specific trauma databases between 2012 and 2017 was performed. Victims of firearm assaults within city limits were included. Univariate analysis was performed using chi-square for categorical and t-test for continuous variables. Bivariate analysis was conducted using logistic regression. RESULTS: Per police data, the CFR of firearm assault was 31% in NO and 20% in Philadelphia. However, per trauma registry data, the CFR of firearm assault was 14% in NO and 25% in Philadelphia. Patients in Philadelphia were older, had higher injury severity score, and lower blood pressure. Patients in NO had higher rates of head injury. 51% of patients in Philadelphia arrived via police compared to <1% in NO. There was no mortality difference between police and emergency medical service (EMS) transport. Longer EMS prehospital times were associated with increased mortality in NO but not Philadelphia. A much larger percentage of patients died on-scene in NO than Philadelphia. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the major driver of increased mortality following firearm assault in NO compared with Philadelphia is death prior to the arrival of first responders. Interventions that shorten prehospital time will likely have the greatest impact on mortality in NO. This should include the consideration of police transport.

How Did the Number and Type of Injuries in Patients Presenting to a Regional Level I Trauma Center Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic with a Stay-at-home Order?

BACKGROUND: During a pandemic, it is paramount to understand volume changes in Level I trauma so that with appropriate planning and reallocation of resources, these facilities can maintain and even improve life-saving capabilities. Evaluating nonaccidental and accidental trauma can highlight potential areas of improvement in societal behavior and hospital preparedness. These critical questions were proposed to better understand how healthcare leaders might adjust surgeon and team coverage of trauma services as well as prepare from a system standpoint what resources will be needed during a pandemic or similar crisis to maintain services. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) How did the total observed number of trauma activations, defined as patients who meet mechanism of injury requirements which trigger the notification and aggregation of the trauma team upon entering the emergency department, change during a pandemic and stay-at-home order? (2) How did the proportion of major mechanisms of traumatic injury change during this time period? (3) How did the proportion and absolute numbers of accidental versus nonaccidental traumatic injury in children and adults change during this time period? METHODS: This was a retrospective study of trauma activations at a Level I trauma center in New Orleans, LA, USA, using trauma registry data of all patients presenting to the trauma center from 2017 to 2020. The number of trauma activations during a government mandated coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) stay-at-home order (from March 20, 2020 to May 14, 2020) was compared with the expected number of activations for the same time period from 2017 to 2019, called "predicted period". The expected number (predicted period) was assumed based on the linear trend of trauma activations seen in the prior 3 years (2017 to 2019) for the same date range (March 20, 2020 to May 14, 2020). To define the total number of traumatic injuries, account for proportion changes, and evaluate fluctuation in accidental verses nonaccidental trauma, variables including type of traumatic injury (blunt, penetrating, and thermal), and mechanism of injury (gunshot wound, fall, knife wound, motor vehicle collision, assault, burns) were collected for each patient. RESULTS: There were fewer total trauma activations during the stay-at-home period than during the predicted period (372 versus 532 [95% CI 77 to 122]; p = 0.016). The proportion of penetrating trauma among total activations was greater during the stay-at-home period than during the predicted period (35% [129 of 372] versus 26% [141 of 532]; p = 0.01), while the proportion of blunt trauma was lower during the stay-at-home period than during the predicted period (63 % [236 of 372] versus 71% [376 of 532]; p = 0.02). The proportion of gunshot wounds in relation to total activations was greater during the stay-at-home period than expected (26% [97 of 372] versus 18% [96 of 532]; p = 0.004). There were fewer motor vehicle collisions in relation to total activations during the stay-at-home period than expected (42% [156 of 372] versus 49% [263 of 532]; p = 0.03). Among total trauma activations, the stay-at-home period had a lower proportion of accidental injuries than the predicted period (55% [203 of 372] versus 61% [326 of 532]; p = 0.05), and there was a greater proportion of nonaccidental injuries than the predicted period (37% [137 of 372] versus 27% [143 of 532]; p < 0.001). In adults, the stay-at-home period had a greater proportion of nonaccidental injuries than the predicted period (38% [123 of 328] versus 26% [123 of 466]; p < 0.001). There was no difference between the stay-at-home period and predicted period in nonaccidental and accidental injuries among children. CONCLUSION: Data from the trauma registry at our region's only Level I trauma center indicate that a stay-at-home order during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a 70% reduction in the number of traumatic injuries, and the types of injuries shifted from more accidental blunt trauma to more nonaccidental penetrating trauma. Non-accidental trauma, including gunshot wounds, increased during this period, which suggest community awareness, crisis de-escalation strategies, and programs need to be created to address violence in the community. Understanding these changes allows for adjustments in staffing schedules. Surgeons and trauma teams could allow for longer shifts between changeover, decreasing viral exposure because the volume of work would be lower. Understanding the shift in injury could also lead to a change in specialists covering call. With the often limited availability of orthopaedic trauma-trained surgeons who can perform life-saving pelvis and acetabular surgery, this data may be used to mitigate exposure of these surgeons during pandemic situations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

Physical Health Symptoms and Hurricane Katrina: Individual Trajectories of Development and Recovery More Than a Decade After the Storm.

Objectives. To examine how physical health symptoms developed and resolved in response to Hurricane Katrina.Methods. We used data from a 2003 to 2018 study of young, low-income mothers who were living in New Orleans, Louisiana, when Hurricane Katrina struck in 2005 (n = 276). We fit logistic regressions to model the odds of first reporting or "developing" headaches or migraines, back problems, and digestive problems, and of experiencing remission or "recovery" from previously reported symptoms, across surveys.Results. The prevalence of each symptom increased after Hurricane Katrina, but the odds of developing symptoms shortly before versus after the storm were comparable. The number of traumatic experiences endured during Hurricane Katrina increased the odds of developing back and digestive problems just after the hurricane. Headaches or migraines and back problems that developed shortly after Hurricane Katrina were more likely to resolve than those that developed just before the storm.Conclusions. While traumatic experiences endured in disasters such as Hurricane Katrina appear to prompt the development of new physical symptoms, disaster-induced symptoms may be less likely to persist or become chronic than those emerging for other reasons.

The Vital Role of a Federally Qualified Community Health Center in New Orleans, Louisiana, During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) are on the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic. Their mission of providing essential medical care to underserved populations is now even more vital. CrescentCare, an FQHC in New Orleans, evaluated and tested 3366 patients between March 16 and July 2, with an overall rate of 12% SARS-CoV-2 positivity. The clinic's experience demonstrates how to effectively and rapidly integrate COVID-19 programing, while preserving essential health services. Strategies include developing a walk-in COVID-19 testing site, ensuring appropriate clinical evaluation, providing accurate public health information, and advocating for job safety on behalf of our patients.

In the heart of the city: Trypanosoma cruzi infection prevalence in rodents across New Orleans.

BACKGROUND: Trypanosoma cruzi - the causative agent of Chagas disease - is known to circulate in commensal pests, but its occurrence in urban environments is not well understood. We addressed this deficit by determining the distribution and prevalence of T. cruzi infection in urban populations of commensal and wild rodents across New Orleans (Louisiana, USA). We assessed whether T. cruzi prevalence varies according to host species identity and species co-occurrences, and whether T. cruzi prevalence varies across mosaics of abandonment that shape urban rodent demography and assemblage structure in the city. METHODS: Leveraging city-wide population and assemblage surveys, we tested 1428 rodents comprising 5 species (cotton rats, house mice, Norway rats, rice rats and roof rats) captured at 98 trapping sites in 11 study areas across New Orleans including nine residential neighborhoods and a natural area in Orleans Parish and a neighborhood in St. Bernard Parish. We also assayed Norway rats at one site in Baton Rouge (Louisiana, USA). We used chi-square tests to determine whether infection prevalence differed among host species, among study areas, and among trapping sites according to the number of host species present. We used generalized linear mixed models to identify predictors of T. cruzi infection for all rodents and each host species, respectively. RESULTS: We detected T. cruzi in all host species in all study areas in New Orleans, but not in Baton Rouge. Though overall infection prevalence was 11%, it varied by study area and trapping site. There was no difference in prevalence by species, but roof rats exhibited the broadest geographical distribution of infection across the city. Infected rodents were trapped in densely populated neighborhoods like the French Quarter. Infection prevalence seasonally varied with abandonment, increasing with greater abandonment during the summer and declining with greater abandonment during the winter. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings illustrate that T. cruzi can be widespread in urban landscapes, suggesting that transmission and disease risk is greater than is currently recognized. Our findings also suggest that there is disproportionate risk of transmission in historically underserved communities, which could reinforce long-standing socioecological disparities in New Orleans and elsewhere.